结构化输出与Function Calling¶

from openai import OpenAI
from pydantic import BaseModel

client = OpenAI()

# 定义输出Schema（使用Pydantic）
class ResearchPaper(BaseModel):  # Pydantic BaseModel：自动数据验证和序列化
    title: str
    authors: list[str]
    year: int
    abstract_summary: str
    key_contributions: list[str]
    methodology: str
    dataset: str | None = None
    metrics: dict[str, float]

# 使用Structured Output
response = client.chat.completions.parse(
    model="gpt-4o",
    messages=[
        {"role": "system", "content": "你是论文分析专家，请提取论文的结构化信息。"},
        {"role": "user", "content": """
        分析这篇论文：
        Attention Is All You Need (2017)
        By Vaswani et al.
        提出了Transformer架构...
        """}
    ],
    response_format=ResearchPaper,  # 直接传入Pydantic模型
)

paper = response.choices[0].message.parsed
print(f"标题: {paper.title}")
print(f"年份: {paper.year}")
print(f"贡献: {paper.key_contributions}")

# Anthropic Claude - 使用tool_use技巧实现结构化输出
import anthropic

client = anthropic.Anthropic()

# Claude通过Tool定义实现结构化输出
response = client.messages.create(
    model="claude-sonnet-4-20250514",
    max_tokens=1024,
    tools=[{
        "name": "extract_info",
        "description": "提取结构化信息",
        "input_schema": {
            "type": "object",
            "properties": {
                "sentiment": {"type": "string", "enum": ["positive", "negative", "neutral"]},
                "confidence": {"type": "number", "minimum": 0, "maximum": 1},
                "keywords": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string"}}
            },
            "required": ["sentiment", "confidence", "keywords"]
        }
    }],
    tool_choice={"type": "tool", "name": "extract_info"},
    messages=[{"role": "user", "content": "分析这段评论的情感: '这个产品太棒了！'"}]
)

import json
from openai import OpenAI

client = OpenAI()

# 定义工具
tools = [
    {
        "type": "function",
        "function": {
            "name": "search_papers",
            "description": "搜索学术论文",
            "parameters": {
                "type": "object",
                "properties": {
                    "query": {
                        "type": "string",
                        "description": "搜索关键词"
                    },
                    "year_from": {
                        "type": "integer",
                        "description": "起始年份"
                    },
                    "max_results": {
                        "type": "integer",
                        "description": "最大结果数",
                        "default": 10
                    }
                },
                "required": ["query"]
            }
        }
    },
    {
        "type": "function",
        "function": {
            "name": "calculate_metrics",
            "description": "计算模型评估指标",
            "parameters": {
                "type": "object",
                "properties": {
                    "predictions": {
                        "type": "array",
                        "items": {"type": "number"},
                        "description": "模型预测值"
                    },
                    "ground_truth": {
                        "type": "array",
                        "items": {"type": "number"},
                        "description": "真实标签"
                    },
                    "metric": {
                        "type": "string",
                        "enum": ["accuracy", "f1", "precision", "recall"],
                        "description": "评估指标类型"
                    }
                },
                "required": ["predictions", "ground_truth", "metric"]
            }
        }
    }
]

# 对话循环（含工具调用处理）
messages = [
    {"role": "system", "content": "你是AI研究助手，可以搜索论文和计算指标。"},
    {"role": "user", "content": "帮我找2023年以来关于RLHF的论文"}
]

response = client.chat.completions.create(
    model="gpt-4o",
    messages=messages,
    tools=tools,
    tool_choice="auto"
)

# 处理工具调用
message = response.choices[0].message
if message.tool_calls:
    for tool_call in message.tool_calls:
        func_name = tool_call.function.name
        func_args = json.loads(tool_call.function.arguments)  # json.loads将JSON字符串→Python对象

        # 实际执行函数
        if func_name == "search_papers":
            result = search_papers(**func_args)  # 你的实现
        elif func_name == "calculate_metrics":
            result = calculate_metrics(**func_args)

        # 将结果返回给LLM
        messages.append(message)
        messages.append({
            "role": "tool",
            "tool_call_id": tool_call.id,
            "content": json.dumps(result, ensure_ascii=False)  # json.dumps将Python对象→JSON字符串
        })

    # 获取最终回复
    final_response = client.chat.completions.create(
        model="gpt-4o",
        messages=messages,
        tools=tools
    )
    print(final_response.choices[0].message.content)

# GPT-4o支持一次返回多个tool_calls
# 用户: "查北京和上海的天气"
# 模型会同时返回:
#   tool_call_1: get_weather(city="北京")
#   tool_call_2: get_weather(city="上海")

# 处理并行调用
if message.tool_calls:
    messages.append(message)

    # 并行执行所有函数（可用asyncio加速）
    import asyncio  # Python标准异步库

    async def execute_tools(tool_calls):  # async def定义协程函数
        tasks = []
        for tc in tool_calls:
            args = json.loads(tc.function.arguments)
            tasks.append(execute_function(tc.function.name, args))
        return await asyncio.gather(*tasks)  # 并发执行多个协程任务

    results = asyncio.run(execute_tools(message.tool_calls))  # 创建事件循环运行顶层协程

    for tool_call, result in zip(message.tool_calls, results):  # zip按位置配对多个可迭代对象
        messages.append({
            "role": "tool",
            "tool_call_id": tool_call.id,
            "content": json.dumps(result, ensure_ascii=False)
        })

import anthropic

client = anthropic.Anthropic()

response = client.messages.create(
    model="claude-sonnet-4-20250514",
    max_tokens=1024,
    tools=[
        {
            "name": "get_stock_price",
            "description": "获取股票实时价格",
            "input_schema": {
                "type": "object",
                "properties": {
                    "symbol": {"type": "string", "description": "股票代码"},
                    "market": {"type": "string", "enum": ["US", "CN", "HK"]}
                },
                "required": ["symbol"]
            }
        }
    ],
    messages=[{"role": "user", "content": "查一下苹果股票价格"}]
)

# Claude通过content blocks返回tool_use
for block in response.content:
    if block.type == "tool_use":
        print(f"调用: {block.name}({block.input})")

from agents import Agent, Runner, function_tool

# 定义工具
@function_tool
def search_database(query: str, limit: int = 5) -> str:
    """搜索知识库"""
    # 实际实现
    results = db.search(query, limit=limit)
    return json.dumps(results)

@function_tool
def send_email(to: str, subject: str, body: str) -> str:
    """发送邮件"""
    # 实际实现
    return f"邮件已发送至 {to}"

# 定义Agent
research_agent = Agent(
    name="研究助手",
    instructions="""你是一个AI研究助手。
    - 用户询问学术问题时，先搜索知识库
    - 找到结果后整理成易读的格式
    - 如果用户要求发送摘要，使用邮件工具""",
    tools=[search_database, send_email],
    model="gpt-4o"
)

# 运行Agent
result = Runner.run_sync(
    research_agent,
    messages=[{"role": "user", "content": "帮我搜索最新的GRPO论文"}]
)
print(result.final_output)

from agents import Agent, Runner

# 注意：handoffs 必须传入 Agent 对象引用，不能用字符串
# 因此需要先定义被转交的 Agent，再定义分诊 Agent

# 代码专家
code_agent = Agent(
    name="代码专家",
    instructions="你是编程专家，帮助用户编写和调试代码。",
    tools=[run_code, search_docs]
)

# 论文专家
paper_agent = Agent(
    name="论文专家",
    instructions="你是论文阅读专家，帮助用户理解和总结论文。",
    tools=[search_papers, extract_info]
)

# 部署专家
deploy_agent = Agent(
    name="部署专家",
    instructions="你是MLOps专家，帮助用户部署和优化模型服务。",
    tools=[check_gpu, deploy_model]
)

# 分诊Agent（必须在目标Agent定义之后创建）
triage_agent = Agent(
    name="分诊助手",
    instructions="根据用户问题类型，转交给对应的专家Agent。",
    handoffs=[code_agent, paper_agent, deploy_agent]  # Agent对象，非字符串
)

# 运行多Agent系统
result = Runner.run_sync(
    triage_agent,
    messages=[{"role": "user", "content": "帮我优化这段CUDA代码的推理速度"}]
)
# triage_agent → 判断是代码问题 → handoff到code_agent → 返回结果

from agents import Agent, InputGuardrail, OutputGuardrail, GuardrailFunctionOutput

# 输入护栏：检查是否为合法请求
@InputGuardrail
async def check_safety(ctx, agent, input_data):
    # 使用另一个LLM进行安全检查
    result = await Runner.run(  # await等待异步操作完成
        safety_checker_agent,
        messages=input_data
    )
    is_safe = "safe" in result.final_output.lower()
    return GuardrailFunctionOutput(
        output_info={"safe": is_safe},
        tripwire_triggered=not is_safe
    )

# 输出护栏：确保不泄露敏感信息
@OutputGuardrail
async def check_pii(ctx, agent, output):
    has_pii = detect_pii(output)  # 自定义PII检测
    return GuardrailFunctionOutput(
        output_info={"has_pii": has_pii},
        tripwire_triggered=has_pii
    )

secure_agent = Agent(
    name="安全Agent",
    instructions="...",
    input_guardrails=[check_safety],
    output_guardrails=[check_pii]
)

from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
from openai import OpenAI

class Education(BaseModel):
    school: str = Field(description="学校名称")
    degree: str = Field(description="学位: 本科/硕士/博士")
    major: str = Field(description="专业")
    gpa: float | None = Field(None, description="GPA")
    year: str = Field(description="毕业年份")

class WorkExperience(BaseModel):
    company: str
    title: str
    duration: str
    highlights: list[str] = Field(description="工作亮点，3-5条")
    tech_stack: list[str] = Field(description="使用的技术栈")

class ResumeInfo(BaseModel):
    name: str
    email: str | None = None
    phone: str | None = None
    education: list[Education]
    experience: list[WorkExperience]
    skills: list[str]
    publications: list[str] | None = None
    target_position: str | None = Field(None, description="目标岗位")

def extract_resume(text: str) -> ResumeInfo:
    client = OpenAI()
    response = client.chat.completions.parse(
        model="gpt-4o",
        messages=[
            {"role": "system", "content": "你是简历解析专家，准确提取简历中的所有结构化信息。"},
            {"role": "user", "content": f"请提取以下简历信息:\n\n{text}"}
        ],
        response_format=ResumeInfo,
    )
    return response.choices[0].message.parsed

# 使用
resume = extract_resume(resume_text)
print(f"候选人: {resume.name}")
print(f"技能: {resume.skills}")
for exp in resume.experience:
    print(f"  {exp.company} - {exp.title}: {exp.highlights}")